While it is not uncommon to experience feelings of sadness occasionally, in most people these emotions are usually fleeting and pass after a few days. When this manifests in a depressive disorder, a patient’s symptoms interfere with daily life and normal functioning. Depression is the leading cause of disability globally and can cause a multitude of symptoms, many of which are associated with impairment and, ultimately, decreased productivity
Dengue virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family, which are also known for causing other diseases including yellow fever, West Nile virus, and tick-borne encephalitis. There are four serologically distinct dengue viruses (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4), meaning that recovery from infection provides immunity against a specific serotype, but there is little to no cross-immunity towards other serotypes. As a result, a person can be infected multiple times in their lifetime, with subsequent infections being more likely to be severe due to a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement of disease.
Cystic fibrosis, caused by mutations in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, is a rare and life-limiting genetic disorder that is characterized by thick, sticky mucus and pulmonary complications.
Crohn’s disease involves inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and most commonly affects the terminal ileum or colon. Because Crohn’s disease can occur in various areas of the GI tract, disease activity and severity can vary widely over time, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe and depending on the location in the GI tract at which the disease is active.
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus that emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. As of 12 March 2021, there have been 117,799,584 confirmed cases of COVID-19, and 2,615,018 confirmed deaths globally. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the coronavirus family, which collectively cause respiratory and intestinal disease in humans and animals, with other prominent members of the family including Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. SARS-CoV-2 is believed to have originated from a horseshoe bat coronavirus, which either spread to humans directly or jumped via an intermediate host (possibly a pangolin), which may have facilitated transmission to humans.
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus that emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. As of October 2021, there have been 245,373,039 confirmed cases of COVID-19, and 4,979,421 deaths globally. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the coronavirus family, which collectively cause respiratory and intestinal disease in humans and animals, with other prominent members of the family including Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus.
Colorectal (or bowel) cancer refers to carcinomas arising in the epithelium of the large intestine at any point between the cecal valve and the anus. CRC typically develops through the proliferation of mucosal epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) wall, eventually forming a polyp or adenoma. As with many other cancers of the GI tract, the vast majority (>95%) are adenocarcinomas.
The “ABCD” GOLD treatment guidelines focus on exacerbation risk and patient-reported outcomes to determine pharmacological treatment strategies, independent of spirometric value. Dual bronchodilator combinations are being considered as the new gold standard over long-acting muscarinic antagonist Spiriva in the treatment of more severe COPD.
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is defined as a cancer of the blood in which a mutation in myeloid hematopoietic stem cells causes the overproduction of immature and dysfunctional white blood cells (myeloblasts, also known as blasts), preventing the normal production and function of healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body. CHF can result from functional abnormalities such as ventricular dysfunction or arrhythmias, or structural disorders of the myocardium or valves.
Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer in Europe and the ninth most common cancer globally. Symptoms include hematuria, dysuria, increased urinary frequency, and frequent urinary tract infections.
BD is a multifactorial psychiatric mood disorder influenced by social, environmental, and genetic risk factors underlying its etiology. The disorder is characterized by fluctuating mood states, such as mania and depression, interspersed with periods of wellbeing over days and weeks. BD describes a range of disease subtypes, including BD type I, BD type II, and cyclothymia.
Since its launch as the first fixed-dose combination (FDC) of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and a long-acting beta 2 agonist (LABA), GlaxoSmithKline’s Advair has become a well-established gold-standard therapy in asthma. However, generic competition in Europe, and more recently in the US, marks the end of this successful history.
Anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as a reduction in red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin levels, often results from decreased levels of erythropoietin and increased levels of hepcidin. Erythropoietin is primarily produced in the kidneys and increases the production of RBCs by acting on precursor cells. H
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive, neurodegenerative disease that slowly affects memory, cognition, and function. It is a continuum of pathological changes in the brain that begin well before clinical symptoms emerge.
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