Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a bacterium that can cause multiple types of pneumococcal disease, including bloodstream infections (sepsis), pneumonia, meningitis, and other milder diseases such as sinusitis and otitis media. The severity of pneumococcal disease is characterized as invasive or non-invasive, with invasive pneumococcal disease being more severe as the bacterium can be isolated from ordinarily sterile sites (eg blood or cerebrospinal fluid), and requires hospital treatment.
This Market Spotlight report covers the Lysosomal Storage Disorders market, comprising epidemiology, key marketed and pipeline drugs, recent events and analyst opinion, key regulatory events, licensing and asset deals, probability of success, and clinical trials.
This Market Spotlight report covers the Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) market, comprising key marketed and pipeline drugs, recent events and analyst opinion, clinical trials, upcoming and regulatory events, probability of success, a 10-year disease incidence forecast, and drug-specific revenue forecasts.
This Market Spotlight report covers the Eating Disorders market, comprising key marketed and pipeline drugs, clinical trials, probability of success, and a 10-year disease prevalence forecast, and as well as presenting drug-specific revenue forecasts.
Seasonal influenza is an acute viral infection that is spread by person-to-person transmission. Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, circulates worldwide and can affect anyone in any age group, although annual epidemics peak during winter in temperate climates.
This Market Spotlight report covers the chemotherapy-induced anemia market, comprising key marketed and pipeline drugs, clinical trials, regulatory events, probability of success, epidemiology information, and licensing and acquisition deals, as well as presenting drug-specific revenue forecasts.
HPV is a member of the papillomavirus family, which are known for causing warts. Over 200 different types have been identified so far, and while most HPV infections are not harmful, persistent infection with certain HPV strains can cause warts and anogenital lesions, which if untreated may become cancers. HPV infection is the major cause of cervical cancers, with almost all cases (99%) being caused by HPV infection. Other cancers related to HPV include cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. Only about 14 HPV strains are considered high risk for causing cervical cancer, and of these the two most common types, HPV 16 and 18, are responsible for causing around 70% of all cervical cancers globally.
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures, and is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders globally. A seizure is a transient manifestation of signs and/or symptoms, including a disturbance of consciousness, emotion, behavior, or motor function, which occurs because of abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Dyslipidemia refers to any increase or decrease in lipid levels from defined normal parameters, with physicians particularly focusing on the treatment of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) due to the well-established link between excessively elevated LDL-C and atherosclerosis. As such, LDL-C is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease, one of the world’s leading causes of morbidity and mortality, though differences in LDL particle morphology can also play a role. Other lipid level deviations in dyslipidemia include elevated triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated total cholesterol, and elevated non-HDL-C, a marker of cholesterol in all atherogenic lipoproteins
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus that emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. As of October 2021, there have been 245,373,039 confirmed cases of COVID-19, and 4,979,421 deaths globally. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the coronavirus family, which collectively cause respiratory and intestinal disease in humans and animals, with other prominent members of the family including Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus.
Stomach or gastric cancer (GC) refers to any cancer arising in the lining of the stomach. The vast majority (95%) of these cancers are adenocarcinomas, and can be further grouped by anatomic origin. The clearest etiological distinction exists between adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia (the anterior edge of the stomach surrounding the entry point of the esophagus), and those arising in the other anatomical subsites of the stomach – the fundus, body, pylorus, and the antrum. In most cases, gastric adenocarcinomas will begin in the muscularis mucosae and submucosa, then invading deeper lamina of the gastric wall.
Ovarian cancer is defined as a group of tumors that originate in the ovaries. Most ovarian cancers are epithelial carcinomas which begin in the tissue surrounding the ovary. Other less common types of ovarian tumors include primary peritoneal, fallopian tube, and malignant germ cell tumors. Ovarian cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women, and is the leading cause of gynecological cancer-related death in women.
Liver cancers can be differentiated based on the cell types they affect. The most common form of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for 80–90% of liver cancer cases. HCC affects hepatocellular cells, or hepatocytes, which are the most abundant cell type in the liver and are responsible for the liver’s primary functions, such as bile production, protein synthesis, and detoxification. This differentiates HCC from other types of liver cancer such as cholangiocarcinoma, which affects the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts, and angiosarcoma, which affects the endothelial cells lining blood vessels of the liver.
Amplification of the HER2/neu oncogene and related genetic elements on chromosome 17 increases HER2 expression and accelerates tumorigenesis. The natural disease progression meant that, historically, women with breast cancer who overexpressed HER2 were found to have significantly shorter disease-free survival and overall survival compared with women without HER2 amplification; however, the introduction of trastuzumab in 1998 drastically changed patient outcomes, to the point where HER2+ breast cancer patients now have the longest median survival of all breast cancer subtypes. HER2 is overexpressed in approximately 20% of breast cancers.
Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) is the most common breast cancer subtype, with approximately 70% of breast cancers presenting with overexpression of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, or both (De Placido and Pronzato, 2015). Overexpression of the hormone receptors allows estrogen and progesterone to drive tumor growth and proliferation. Therefore, endocrine therapy remains the standard treatment for advanced patients with HR+/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) breast cancer.
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