Psoriatic arthritis is grouped with spondyloarthritis and is characterized by inflammation in the spine (spondylitis) and/or joints (arthritis). It is often preceded by a diagnosis of psoriasis by about 10 years. The disease may be characterized by joint pain, swelling, or morning stiffness, and about 80–90% of psoriatic arthritis patients experience nail lesions, which include pitting (dents) and onycholysis (detachment). Around 30% of individuals with psoriasis develop psoriatic arthritis.
The rheumatoid arthritis (RA) market is set to experience increasing attrition due to biosimilar competition. The EU market has taken the brunt of biosimilar erosion, with earlier launches and more acceptance of biosimilars compared to other countries. Over time, biosimilar penetration is anticipated to gain more momentum as international real-world evidence builds, with long-term data supporting biosimilar efficacy and safety. This should allow physicians and patients to grow their confidence and familiarity with biosimilars, and encourage uptake.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which causes mucosal inflammation affecting the colon. The idiopathic inflammation is commonly associated with the rectum (proctitis) and may extend proximally, evolving into left-sided colitis or extensive colitis. UC typically presents with bloody diarrhea, which may manifest alongside mucus, rectal urgency, tenesmus, and abdominal pain. The disease course is relapsing and remitting with intermittent periods of acute exacerbation, which may be serious enough to warrant therapy escalation, hospitalization, or even colectomy.
Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer in Europe and the ninth most common cancer globally. Symptoms include hematuria, dysuria, increased urinary frequency, and frequent urinary tract infections.
Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease, and is characterized by compromised bone strength which predisposes individuals to an increased risk of fracture. Bone strength itself is not directly measurable, but can be inferred from bone mass and quality, with bone mass being most commonly approximated by assessing bone mineral density (BMD). A person with a BMD measurement that falls within one standard deviation (SD) of the healthy reference (30-year-old male or female) is considered to have healthy bone mass and structure (T-score >-1).
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), a hepacivirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. HCV infects hepatocytes and is the leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Approximately 15−45% of people infected with HCV will spontaneously clear the virus, but the remaining 55−85% will develop chronic HCV infection. For those chronically infected with HCV, the risk of cirrhosis increases by 15–30% within 20 years.
Sutent is set to lose ground due to both newer, more effective treatments and imminent biosimilar erosion. Previously the SOC across many treatment settings, the pivotal trials of several newer therapies, which include checkpoint inhibitors Keytruda, Opdivo, and Bavencio, and the RTK inhibitor Cabometyx, have demonstrated significant clinical benefit over Sutent in the first-line setting. Keytruda and Cabometyx have also demonstrated benefit over Sutent in subsequent-line settings.
Lung cancer is generally categorized as either small cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Of these, NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for roughly 85% of all cases. NSCLC can be further divided into non-squamous and squamous NSCLC histologies. Squamous NSCLC refers to patients with squamous cell carcinoma, whereas non-squamous NSCLC includes patients with adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and other less common subtypes. Incidence of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma varies greatly by both geographic region and gender. In general, adenocarcinoma comprises approximately 30–50% of all lung cancer cases, while squamous cell carcinoma accounts for roughly 25–35%.
Hemophilia is a rare, inherited X chromosome-linked bleeding disorder in which deficiencies in clotting factors prevent blood from clotting normally. Injuries therefore result in prolonged periods of bleeding. There are two types of hemophilia, A and B, with similar signs and symptoms but different genetic defects.
Migraine is a common, disabling, and recurring neurological disorder characterized by severe headache co-occurring with nausea, vomiting, and other symptoms, the duration of which can range from hours to days.
Crohn’s disease involves inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and most commonly affects the terminal ileum or colon. Because Crohn’s disease can occur in various areas of the GI tract, disease activity and severity can vary widely over time, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe and depending on the location in the GI tract at which the disease is active.
Dyslipidemia refers to any increase or decrease in lipid levels from defined normal parameters, with physicians particularly focusing on the treatment of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) due to the well-established link between excessively elevated LDL-C and atherosclerosis. As such, LDL-C is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease, one of the world’s leading causes of morbidity and mortality, though differences in LDL particle morphology can also play a role. Other lipid level deviations in dyslipidemia include elevated triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated total cholesterol, and elevated non-HDL-C, a marker of cholesterol in all atherogenic lipoproteins
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive, neurodegenerative disease that slowly affects memory, cognition, and function. It is a continuum of pathological changes in the brain that begin well before clinical symptoms emerge.
HPV is a member of the papillomavirus family, which are known for causing warts. Over 200 different types have been identified so far, and while most HPV infections are not harmful, persistent infection with certain HPV strains can cause warts and anogenital lesions, which if untreated may become cancers. HPV infection is the major cause of cervical cancers, with almost all cases (99%) being caused by HPV infection. Other cancers related to HPV include cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. Only about 14 HPV strains are considered high risk for causing cervical cancer, and of these the two most common types, HPV 16 and 18, are responsible for causing around 70% of all cervical cancers globally.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the progressive degradation of the part of the eye responsible for visual acuity, causing a loss of central vision. AMD is the leading cause of blindness in individuals who are over 65 years old. As the chances of experiencing any form of AMD increase with age, treatment of this disease is becoming even more important as life expectancies continue to rise in most regions.
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