Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are defined as any cancer that begins in cells of the oral cavity, pharynx, nose, sinuses, or salivary glands. These cancers are grouped together due to historical similarities in etiology, disease presentation, and manifestation. The vast majority of these cases (90%), collectively referred to as head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), appear in squamous epithelial cells lining the mucous membranes of these regions. The exception to this is salivary gland cancer, which can appear in any of the salivary glands’ diverse cell types.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is one of a group of rare and life-threatening diseases collectively known as pulmonary hypertension (PH). Each PH subgroup shares similar pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic approaches.
Stroke is the second most common cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. A stroke occurs when there is a blockage or bleed in the cerebrovascular system that leads to either a neurological deficit persisting beyond 24 hours or death.
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body. CHF can result from functional abnormalities such as ventricular dysfunction or arrhythmias, or structural disorders of the myocardium or valves.
Cystic fibrosis, caused by mutations in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, is a rare and life-limiting genetic disorder that is characterized by thick, sticky mucus and pulmonary complications.
The “ABCD” GOLD treatment guidelines focus on exacerbation risk and patient-reported outcomes to determine pharmacological treatment strategies, independent of spirometric value. Dual bronchodilator combinations are being considered as the new gold standard over long-acting muscarinic antagonist Spiriva in the treatment of more severe COPD.
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