Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic disorder characterized by movement abnormalities and other non-motor symptoms, such as dementia, depression, visual hallucinations, and autonomic dysfunction. Although not fatal, there is currently no cure for the disease, and its chronicity is associated with significant morbidity and disability.
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a bacterium that can cause multiple types of pneumococcal disease, including bloodstream infections (sepsis), pneumonia, meningitis, and other milder diseases such as sinusitis and otitis media. The severity of pneumococcal disease is characterized as invasive or non-invasive, with invasive pneumococcal disease being more severe as the bacterium can be isolated from ordinarily sterile sites (eg blood or cerebrospinal fluid), and requires hospital treatment.
Prostate cancer occurs when malignant cells originate in the prostate gland. The vast majority of prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas, but other less common types include sarcomas, small cell carcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, and transitional cell carcinomas. Some prostate cancers can grow and spread quickly, but many are relatively indolent. Because of this, depending on patient age and other co-morbidities, some prostate cancer patients may not receive active treatment for the disease during their lifetime.
First-line treatment of milder forms of psoriasis will continue to be with cheaper, topical medications. Use of more expensive, systemic therapies will continue to be relegated to more severe psoriasis.
Psoriatic arthritis is grouped with spondyloarthritis and is characterized by inflammation in the spine (spondylitis) and/or joints (arthritis). It is often preceded by a diagnosis of psoriasis by about 10 years. The disease may be characterized by joint pain, swelling, or morning stiffness, and about 80–90% of psoriatic arthritis patients experience nail lesions, which include pitting (dents) and onycholysis (detachment). Around 30% of individuals with psoriasis develop psoriatic arthritis.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is one of a group of rare and life-threatening diseases collectively known as pulmonary hypertension (PH). Each PH subgroup shares similar pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic approaches.
Sutent is set to lose ground due to both newer, more effective treatments and imminent biosimilar erosion. Previously the SOC across many treatment settings, the pivotal trials of several newer therapies, which include checkpoint inhibitors Keytruda, Opdivo, and Bavencio, and the RTK inhibitor Cabometyx, have demonstrated significant clinical benefit over Sutent in the first-line setting. Keytruda and Cabometyx have also demonstrated benefit over Sutent in subsequent-line settings.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is an enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded, negativesense RNA virus. It is a common respiratory virus that is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in infants, and is estimated to be responsible for 22% of all episodes of acute lower respiratory tract infections in young children.
The rheumatoid arthritis (RA) market is set to experience increasing attrition due to biosimilar competition. The EU market has taken the brunt of biosimilar erosion, with earlier launches and more acceptance of biosimilars compared to other countries. Over time, biosimilar penetration is anticipated to gain more momentum as international real-world evidence builds, with long-term data supporting biosimilar efficacy and safety. This should allow physicians and patients to grow their confidence and familiarity with biosimilars, and encourage uptake.
The current dynamics of the antipsychotic market show domination by atypical antipsychotics, mainly oral agents, but there is also increasing uptake of long-acting injectable (LAI) neuroleptics, which will continue. Oral atypical antipsychotics that were historical blockbusters are now facing intense generic erosion. The highest-selling oral antipsychotic is Latuda, one of the newer atypical drugs, but its market exclusivity is only set to last until 2023.
Seasonal influenza is an acute viral infection that is spread by person-to-person transmission. Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, circulates worldwide and can affect anyone in any age group, although annual epidemics peak during winter in temperate climates.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a relatively rare breast cancer subtype. It is characterized by the absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors and does not involve the overexpression of HER2. TNBC is associated with poor prognosis, a high risk of local recurrence, and poor disease-free and cancer-specific survival. It accounts for roughly 14% of breast cancers.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of chronic endocrine disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient levels or action of insulin, a hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar. Symptoms include excessive excretion of urine (polyuria), thirst (polydipsia), constant hunger, weight loss, vision changes, and fatigue. In the long term, the disease can also cause disabling and lifethreatening complications such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), nerve damage (neuropathy, which along with peripheral vascular disease can lead to amputations), kidney damage (nephropathy), and eye disease (leading to retinopathy, loss of vision, and potentially blindness). If untreated, life-threatening conditions can develop, including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), particularly in type 1 diabetes, and the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in type 2 diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders which are characterized by hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose levels) due to insufficient insulin secretion, which in type 2 diabetes occurs in the setting of insulin insensitivity.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which causes mucosal inflammation affecting the colon. The idiopathic inflammation is commonly associated with the rectum (proctitis) and may extend proximally, evolving into left-sided colitis or extensive colitis. UC typically presents with bloody diarrhea, which may manifest alongside mucus, rectal urgency, tenesmus, and abdominal pain. The disease course is relapsing and remitting with intermittent periods of acute exacerbation, which may be serious enough to warrant therapy escalation, hospitalization, or even colectomy.
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