Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………….. I
1. BLOOD DISORDERS.……………………………………………………………………… 1-1
1.1 Anemia …………………………………………………………………………………. 1-1
1.1.1 Iron Deficiency Anemia …………………………………………….. 1-1
1.1.1.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 1-3
1.1.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………….. 1-3
1.1.2 Sickle Cell Anemia …………………………………………………… 1-4
1.1.2.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 1-5
1.1.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………….. 1-5
1.1.3 Thalassemia……………………………………………………………. 1-7
1.1.3.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 1-9
1.1.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………….. 1-9
1.2 Hemophilia ………………………………………………………………………….. 1-10
1.2.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 1-10
1.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 1-12
Exhibit 1-1: Iron Deficiency Anemia, Facts and Figures………………………………… 1-2
Exhibit 1-2: Sickle Cell Anemia, Facts and Figures………………………………………. 1-6
Exhibit 1-3: Thalassemia, Facts and Figures ………………………………………………. 1-8
Exhibit 1-4: Hemophilia, Facts and Figures……………………………………………….. 1-11
Exhibit 1-5: Hemophilia, Selected Demographic Characteristics…………………… 1-13
2. CANCER………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-1
2.1 Incidence and Prevalence ……………………………………………………….. 2-2
2.1.1 Mortality Rate ………………………………………………………….. 2-9
2.1.2 The Cost of Cancer ………………………………………………….. 2-9
2.2 Cancer Types ………………………………………………………………………… 2-9
2.2.1 Bladder Cancer ……………………………………………………….. 2-9
2.2.1.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-11
2.2.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-11
2.2.2 Breast Cancer ……………………………………………………….. 2-12
2.2.2.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-12
2.2.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-14
2.2.3 Bronchial/Lung Cancer……………………………………………. 2-15
2.2.3.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-16
2.2.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-18
2.2.4 Cervical/Uterine Cancer ………………………………………….. 2-19
2.2.4.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-19
2.2.4.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-23
2.2.5 Colorectal Cancer…………………………………………………… 2-24
2.2.5.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-26
2.2.5.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-26
2.2.6 Leukemia………………………………………………………………. 2-27
2.2.6.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-28
2.2.6.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-30
2.2.7 Lymphoma…………………………………………………………….. 2-32
2.2.7.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-32
2.2.7.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-35
2.2.8 Brain/Nervous System Cancer …………………………………. 2-36
2.2.8.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-36
2.2.8.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-39
2.2.9 Oral Cancer …………………………………………………………… 2-39
2.2.9.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-40
2.2.9.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-40
2.2.10 Ovarian Cancer ……………………………………………………… 2-42
2.2.10.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-42
2.2.10.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-44
2.2.11 Pancreatic Cancer………………………………………………….. 2-45
2.2.11.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-45
2.2.11.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-47
2.2.12 Prostate Cancer …………………………………………………….. 2-48
2.2.12.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-48
2.2.12.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-50
2.2.13 Skin Cancer…………………………………………………………… 2-51
2.2.13.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 2-53
2.2.13.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 2-54
Exhibit 2-1: Cancer Incidence, by Anatomic Site, 2014…………………………………. 2-3
Exhibit 2-2: Hospital Discharge Statistics for Selected Cancers, by Anatomic Site, 2000-2010 …………………………………………………… 2-5
Exhibit 2-3: Cancer Prevalence, by Anatomic Site and Gender, 2011 …………….. 2-7
Exhibit 2-4: Bladder Cancer, Facts and Figures…………………………………………. 2-10
Exhibit 2-5: Breast Cancer, Facts and Figures…………………………………………… 2-13
Exhibit 2-6: Bronchial/Lung Cancer, Facts and Figures ………………………………. 2-17
Exhibit 2-7: Cervical Cancer, Facts and Figures ………………………………………… 2-20
Exhibit 2-8: Uterine Cancer, Facts and Figures………………………………………….. 2-21
Exhibit 2-9: Colorectal Cancer, Facts and Figures ……………………………………… 2-25
Exhibit 2-10: Leukemia, Facts and Figures …………………………………………………. 2-29
Exhibit 2-11: Leukemia Incidence, by Type and Gender……………………………….. 2-31
Exhibit 2-12: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Facts and Figures ……………………………. 2-33
Exhibit 2-13: Hodgkin Lymphoma, Facts and Figures…………………………………… 2-34
Exhibit 2-14: Brain/Nervous System Cancer, Facts and Figures…………………….. 2-37
Exhibit 2-15: Oral Cancer, Facts and Figures ……………………………………………… 2-41
Exhibit 2-16: Ovarian Cancer, Facts and Figures…………………………………………. 2-43
Exhibit 2-17: Pancreatic Cancer, Facts and Figures …………………………………….. 2-46
Exhibit 2-18: Prostate Cancer, Facts and Figures………………………………………… 2-49
Exhibit 2-19: Melanoma, Facts and Figures ………………………………………………… 2-52
3. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES/DISORDERS…………………………………… 3-1
3.1 Atherosclerosis………………………………………………………………………. 3-1
3.1.1 Coronary Atherosclerosis ………………………………………….. 3-2
3.1.1.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 3-2
3.1.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………….. 3-4
3.1.2 Peripheral Artery Disease………………………………………….. 3-4
3.1.2.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 3-5
3.1.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………….. 3-5
3.2 Heart Failure………………………………………………………………………….. 3-7
3.2.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………… 3-7
3.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 3-10
3.3 Hypercholesterolemia……………………………………………………………. 3-10
3.3.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 3-11
3.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 3-13
3.4 Hypertension ……………………………………………………………………….. 3-14
3.4.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 3-14
3.4.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 3-18
3.5 Ischemic Heart Disease…………………………………………………………. 3-19
3.5.1 Angina Pectoris ……………………………………………………… 3-19
3.5.1.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 3-20
3.5.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 3-20
3.5.2 Myocardial Infarction ………………………………………………. 3-22
3.5.2.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 3-22
3.5.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 3-24
3.6 Metabolic Syndrome……………………………………………………………… 3-25
3.6.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 3-25
3.6.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 3-27
3.7 Pacing Disorders ………………………………………………………………….. 3-27
3.7.1 Arrhythmia…………………………………………………………….. 3-28
3.7.1.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 3-28
3.7.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 3-31
3.7.2 Sudden Cardiac Death ……………………………………………. 3-36
3.7.2.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 3-36
3.7.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 3-39
3.8 Valvular Heart Disease………………………………………………………….. 3-39
3.8.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 3-39
3.8.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 3-42
Exhibit 3-1: Coronary Atherosclerosis, Facts and Figures……………………………… 3-3
Exhibit 3-2: Peripheral Artery Disease, Facts and Figures …………………………….. 3-6
Exhibit 3-3: Heart Failure, Facts and Figures ………………………………………………. 3-8
Exhibit 3-4: Hypercholesterolemia, Facts and Figures ………………………………… 3-12
Exhibit 3-5: Hypertension, Facts and Figures…………………………………………….. 3-15
Exhibit 3-6: Angina Pectoris, Facts and Figures…………………………………………. 3-21
Exhibit 3-7: Myocardial Infarction, Facts and Figures………………………………….. 3-23
Exhibit 3-8: Metabolic Syndrome, Facts and Figures ………………………………….. 3-26
Exhibit 3-9: Arrhythmia, Facts and Figures ……………………………………………….. 3-29
Exhibit 3-10: Tachycardia, Facts and Figures ……………………………………………… 3-32
Exhibit 3-11: Sudden Cardiac Death, Facts and Figures……………………………….. 3-37
Exhibit 3-12: Valvular Heart Disease, Facts and Figures ………………………………. 3-40
4. GASTRIC AND METABOLIC DISEASES/DISORDERS……………………….. 4-1
4.1 Cholelithiasis …………………………………………………………………………. 4-1
4.1.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………… 4-2
4.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………… 4-4
4.2 Chronic Kidney Disease ………………………………………………………….. 4-4
4.2.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………… 4-5
4.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………… 4-8
4.3 Crohn’s Disease …………………………………………………………………….. 4-9
4.3.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………… 4-9
4.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 4-11
4.4 Diabetes ……………………………………………………………………………… 4-11
4.4.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 4-14
4.4.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 4-16
4.5 End-Stage Renal Disease ……………………………………………………… 4-17
4.5.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 4-19
4.5.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 4-21
4.6 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ………………………………………….. 4-22
4.6.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 4-22
4.6.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 4-24
4.7 Irritable Bowel Syndrome ………………………………………………………. 4-25
4.7.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 4-25
4.7.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 4-28
4.8 Obesity ……………………………………………………………………………….. 4-29
4.8.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 4-29
4.8.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 4-33
4.9 Urolithiasis…………………………………………………………………………… 4-34
4.9.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 4-35
4.9.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 4-37
Exhibit 4-1: Cholelithiasis, Facts and Figures………………………………………………. 4-3
Exhibit 4-2: Chronic Kidney Disease, Facts and Figures……………………………….. 4-6
Exhibit 4-3: Crohn’s Disease, Facts and Figures………………………………………… 4-10
Exhibit 4-4: Diabetes, Facts and Figures…………………………………………………… 4-13
Exhibit 4-5: 2013, Prevalence of Diabetes, by Age and Gender……………………. 4-18
Exhibit 4-6: End-Stage Renal Disease, Facts and Figures…………………………… 4-20
Exhibit 4-7: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Facts and Figures……………….. 4-23
Exhibit 4-8: Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Facts and Figures……………………………. 4-26
Exhibit 4-9: Possible Causes for Irritable Bowel Syndrome………………………….. 4-27
Exhibit 4-10: Body Mass Index Ranges for Adults………………………………………… 4-30
Exhibit 4-11: Obesity, Facts and Figures…………………………………………………….. 4-31
Exhibit 4-12: Urolithiasis, Facts and Figures ……………………………………………….. 4-36
Exhibit 4-13: Selected Predisposing Factors for Developing Kidney Stones…….. 4-38
5. MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES/DISORDERS………………………………… 5-1
5.1 Arthritis …………………………………………………………………………………. 5-1
5.1.1 Osteoarthritis …………………………………………………………… 5-2
5.1.1.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 5-2
5.1.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………….. 5-5
5.1.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis…………………………………………………. 5-6
5.1.2.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 5-6
5.1.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………….. 5-8
5.2 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome…………………………………………………………. 5-8
5.2.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………… 5-9
5.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 5-11
5.3 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy……………………………………………….. 5-13
5.3.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 5-15
5.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 5-15
5.4 Osteoporosis ……………………………………………………………………….. 5-16
5.4.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 5-16
5.4.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 5-20
Exhibit 5-1: Prevalence of Arthritis, in 5-Year Intervals, 2005-2030 ………………… 5-3
Exhibit 5-2: Osteoarthritis, Facts and Figures………………………………………………. 5-4
Exhibit 5-3: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Facts and Figures ……………………………………. 5-7
Exhibit 5-4: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Facts and Figures ……………………………. 5-10
Exhibit 5-5: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Cases Resulting in Time Away from Work, 2000-2012…………………………………………………………… 5-12
Exhibit 5-6: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Facts and Figures……………………. 5-14
Exhibit 5-7: Incidence of Osteoporosis-Related Fractures, by Site………………… 5-17
Exhibit 5-8: Osteoporosis, Facts and Figures…………………………………………….. 5-18
Exhibit 5-9: Number of Persons with Osteoporosis and Osteopenia,
by Selected States, 2010 and 2030…………………………………………. 5-22
6. NEUROLOGIC AND PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES/DISORDERS……………… 6-1
6.1 Alzheimer’s Disease……………………………………………………………….. 6-1
6.1.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………… 6-3
6.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………… 6-5
6.2 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ………………………………………………….. 6-6
6.2.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………… 6-6
6.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………… 6-8 2014 Medtech Insight vi #A715
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6.3 Cerebrovascular Diseases/Disorders ………………………………………… 6-9
6.3.1 Arteriovenous Malformation……………………………………….. 6-9
6.3.1.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 6-9
6.3.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 6-11
6.3.2 Cerebral Aneurysm…………………………………………………. 6-11
6.3.2.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 6-11
6.3.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 6-14
6.3.3 Stroke…………………………………………………………………… 6-14
6.3.3.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 6-15
6.3.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 6-19
6.4 Epilepsy………………………………………………………………………………. 6-20
6.4.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 6-20
6.4.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 6-22
6.5 Huntington’s Disease…………………………………………………………….. 6-23
6.5.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 6-25
6.5.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 6-26
6.6 Hydrocephalus……………………………………………………………………… 6-26
6.6.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 6-26
6.6.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 6-28
6.7 Multiple Sclerosis………………………………………………………………….. 6-28
6.7.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 6-29
6.7.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 6-33
6.8 Myasthenia Gravis………………………………………………………………… 6-33
6.8.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 6-35
6.8.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 6-36
6.9 Parkinson’s Disease……………………………………………………………… 6-36
6.9.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 6-38
6.9.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 6-40
6.10 Psychiatric Disorders…………………………………………………………….. 6-41
6.10.1 Attention Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder ………………….. 6-41
6.10.1.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 6-43
6.10.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 6-45
6.10.2 Bipolar Disorder……………………………………………………… 6-47
6.10.2.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 6-47
6.10.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 6-50
6.10.3 Depression ……………………………………………………………. 6-51
6.10.3.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 6-52
6.10.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 6-55
6.10.4 Schizophrenia………………………………………………………… 6-56
6.10.4.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 6-57
6.10.4.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 6-60
Exhibit 6-1: Alzheimer’s Disease, Facts and Figures ……………………………………. 6-2
Exhibit 6-2: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Facts and Figures……………………….. 6-7
Exhibit 6-3: Arteriovenous Malformation, Facts and Figures ………………………… 6-10
Exhibit 6-4: Cerebral Aneurysm, Facts and Figures……………………………………. 6-12
Exhibit 6-5: Stroke, Facts and Figures ……………………………………………………… 6-16
Exhibit 6-6: Epilepsy, Facts and Figures …………………………………………………… 6-21
Exhibit 6-7: Huntington’s Disease, Facts and Figures…………………………………. 6-24
Exhibit 6-8: Hydrocephalus, Facts and Figures………………………………………….. 6-27
Exhibit 6-9: Multiple Sclerosis, Facts and Figures………………………………………. 6-30
Exhibit 6-10: Myasthenia Gravis, Facts and Figures …………………………………….. 6-34
Exhibit 6-11: Parkinson’s Disease, Facts and Figures ………………………………….. 6-37
Exhibit 6-12: Percentage of Adults Experiencing Serious Psychological
Distress, by Age and Gender …………………………………………………. 6-42
Exhibit 6-13: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Facts and Figures…………. 6-44
Exhibit 6-14: Bipolar Disorder, Facts and Figures ………………………………………… 6-48
Exhibit 6-15: Depression, Facts and Figures……………………………………………….. 6-53
Exhibit 6-16: Schizophrenia, Facts and Figures …………………………………………… 6-58
7. OPHTHALMIC DISEASES/DISORDERS……………………………………………. 7-1
7.1 Cataracts ………………………………………………………………………………. 7-1
7.1.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………… 7-1
7.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………… 7-4
7.2 Glaucoma ……………………………………………………………………………… 7-6
7.2.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………… 7-6
7.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 7-10
Exhibit 7-1: Cataracts, Facts and Figures …………………………………………………… 7-2
Exhibit 7-2: 2010, Prevalence of Cataracts, by Age ……………………………………… 7-5
Exhibit 7-3: Glaucoma, Facts and Figures…………………………………………………… 7-7
Exhibit 7-4: New Discoveries for the Cause of Vision Loss in Glaucoma …………. 7-9
Exhibit 7-5: 2010, Prevalence of Glaucoma, by Age …………………………………… 7-11
8. REPRODUCTIVE AND GENITOURINARY DISORDERS……………………… 8-1
8.1 Female Reproductive Disorders ……………………………………………….. 8-1
8.1.1 Endometriosis………………………………………………………….. 8-1
8.1.1.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 8-3
8.1.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………….. 8-4
8.1.2 Infertility………………………………………………………………….. 8-4
8.1.2.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 8-6
8.1.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………….. 8-9
8.2 Male Reproductive Disorders …………………………………………………… 8-9
8.2.1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia …………………………………….. 8-9
8.2.1.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 8-10
8.2.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 8-12
8.2.2 Erectile Dysfunction………………………………………………… 8-13
8.2.2.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 8-13
8.2.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 8-15
8.2.3 Infertility………………………………………………………………… 8-15
8.2.3.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 8-17
8.2.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 8-18
8.3 Urinary Incontinence……………………………………………………………… 8-18
8.3.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 8-21
8.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 8-22
Exhibit 8-1: Endometriosis, Facts and Figures …………………………………………….. 8-2
Exhibit 8-2: Female Infertility, Facts and Figures………………………………………….. 8-5
Exhibit 8-3: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Facts and Figures………………………. 8-11
Exhibit 8-4: Erectile Dysfunction, Facts and Figures …………………………………… 8-14
Exhibit 8-5: Male Infertility, Facts and Figures……………………………………………. 8-16
Exhibit 8-6: Types of Urinary Incontinence………………………………………………… 8-19
Exhibit 8-7: Urinary Incontinence, Facts and Figures………………………………….. 8-20
9. RESPIRATORY DISEASES/DISORDERS………………………………………….. 9-1
9.1 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome……………………………………….. 9-1
9.1.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………… 9-2
9.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………… 9-2
9.2 Apnea…………………………………………………………………………………… 9-2
9.2.1 Sleep Apnea……………………………………………………………. 9-2
9.2.1.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 9-4
9.2.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………….. 9-6
9.2.2 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome …………………………………. 9-6
9.2.2.1 Etiology ……………………………………………………. 9-8
9.2.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………….. 9-9
9.3 Asthma ……………………………………………………………………………….. 9-10
9.3.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 9-10
9.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 9-12
9.4 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease………………………………….. 9-13
9.4.1 Chronic Bronchitis ………………………………………………….. 9-15
9.4.1.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 9-15
9.4.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 9-17
9.4.2 Emphysema ………………………………………………………….. 9-17
9.4.2.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 9-19
9.4.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 9-19
9.5 Cystic Fibrosis ……………………………………………………………………… 9-20
9.5.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 9-20
9.5.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 9-22
9.6 Infectious Diseases ………………………………………………………………. 9-22
9.6.1 Pneumonia ……………………………………………………………. 9-23
9.6.1.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 9-23
9.6.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 9-23
9.6.2 Tuberculosis ………………………………………………………….. 9-25
9.6.2.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 9-25
9.6.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 9-28
9.7 Pleural Disorders………………………………………………………………….. 9-32
9.7.1 Empyema ……………………………………………………………… 9-32
9.7.1.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 9-32
9.7.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 9-32
9.7.2 Pleural Effusion ……………………………………………………… 9-34
9.7.2.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 9-34
9.7.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 9-34
9.7.3 Pneumothorax ……………………………………………………….. 9-35
9.7.3.1 Etiology ………………………………………………….. 9-35
9.7.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………… 9-36
9.8 Pulmonary Embolism…………………………………………………………….. 9-36
9.8.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 9-36
9.8.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 9-38
9.9 Respiratory Failure ……………………………………………………………….. 9-38
9.9.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 9-40
9.9.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 9-40
9.10 Restrictive Lung Disease……………………………………………………….. 9-40
9.10.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 9-42
9.10.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 9-44
Exhibit 9-1: Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Facts and Figures …………….. 9-3
Exhibit 9-2: Sleep Apnea, Facts and Figures ………………………………………………. 9-5
Exhibit 9-3: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Facts and Figures…………………….. 9-7
Exhibit 9-4: Asthma, Facts and Figures…………………………………………………….. 9-11
Exhibit 9-5: 2013, Prevalence of Asthma, by Age, Ethnicity, and Gender ………. 9-14
Exhibit 9-6: Chronic Bronchitis, Facts and Figures……………………………………… 9-16
Exhibit 9-7: Emphysema, Facts and Figures……………………………………………… 9-18
Exhibit 9-8: Cystic Fibrosis, Facts and Figures…………………………………………… 9-21
Exhibit 9-9: Pneumonia, Facts and Figures……………………………………………….. 9-24
Exhibit 9-10: Tuberculosis, Facts and Figures……………………………………………… 9-26
Exhibit 9-11: Tuberculosis Cases in the United States, 1993-2012…………………. 9-29
Exhibit 9-12: 2012, Tuberculosis Cases, by Ethnicity……………………………………. 9-31
Exhibit 9-13: Pleural Disorders, Facts and Figures ………………………………………. 9-33
Exhibit 9-14: Pulmonary Embolism, Facts and Figures …………………………………. 9-37
Exhibit 9-15: Respiratory Failure, Facts and Figures…………………………………….. 9-39
Exhibit 9-16: Restrictive Lung Disease, Facts and Figures ……………………………. 9-41
10. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES ………………………………………….. 10-1
10.1. Genital Herpes……………………………………………………………………… 10-1
10.1.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 10-2
10.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 10-2
10.2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ……………………………………………………………………………. 10-4
10.2.1 Etiology…………………………………………………………………. 10-4
10.2.2 Disease Progression ………………………………………………. 10-7
10.2.3 Epidemiology…………………………………………………………. 10-9 2014 Medtech Insight xi #A715
U.S. Disease Incidence and Prevalence Table of Contents
10.3 Human Papillomavirus…………………………………………………………. 10-18
10.3.1 Etiology……………………………………………………………….. 10-22
10.3.2 Epidemiology……………………………………………………….. 10-22
Exhibit 10-1: Genital Herpes, Facts and Figures………………………………………….. 10-3
Exhibit 10-2: Physician Office Visits for Genital Herpes, 1999-2012 ……………….. 10-5
Exhibit 10-3: Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome, Facts and Figures …………………………………. 10-6
Exhibit 10-4: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome,
Indicator/Opportunistic Diseases…………………………………………….. 10-8
Exhibit 10-5: Incidence and Cumulative Prevalence of Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome in the United States, by Age,
Ethnicity, Gender, and Region, 2008-2011……………………………… 10-10
Exhibit 10-6: Prevalence of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in
the United States, by Age, Ethnicity, Gender,
and Region, 2008-2010……………………………………………………….. 10-12
Exhibit 10-7: Deaths Due to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, by Age, Ethnicity, Gender, and Region, 2008-2010…………………………….. 10-15
Exhibit 10-8: 2013, Percentage of Adults Tested for Human
Immunodeficiency Virus, by Age and Gender …………………………. 10-19
Exhibit 10-9: 2013, Number of Adults Tested for Human Immunodeficiency
Virus, by Age, Gender, and Ethnicity……………………………………… 10-20
Exhibit 10-10: Human Papillomavirus, Facts and Figures…………………………….. 10-21
11. SKIN WOUNDS …………………………………………………………………………….. 11-1
11.1 Factors Affecting Wound Closure……………………………………………. 11-1
11.1.1 Intrinsic Factors ……………………………………………………… 11-1
11.1.1.1 Age and Chronic Illness ……………………………. 11-3
11.1.1.2 Body Composition ……………………………………. 11-3
11.1.1.3 Nutritional Status……………………………………… 11-4
11.1.2 Extrinsic Factors…………………………………………………….. 11-5
11.1.2.1 Ambient Temperature……………………………….. 11-5
11.1.2.2 Desiccation/Hydration ………………………………. 11-5
11.1.2.3 Infection………………………………………………….. 11-5
11.1.2.4 Maceration………………………………………………. 11-6
11.1.2.5 Medications and Other Treatment Modalities.. 11-6
11.1.2.6 Necrotic Tissue and Debris ……………………….. 11-7 2014 Medtech Insight xii #A715
U.S. Disease Incidence and Prevalence Table of Contents
11.1.2.7 Oxygen…………………………………………………… 11-7
11.1.2.8 Stress …………………………………………………….. 11-7
11.1.2.9 Wound Creation and Depth……………………….. 11-8
11.1.2.10 Wound Closure Techniques ………………………. 11-8
11.1.2.11 Other Extrinsic Factors……………………………… 11-9
11.1.3 Complications of Wound Healing ……………………………… 11-9
11.1.3.1 Scarring………………………………………………….. 11-9
11.1.3.2 Bleeding ……………………………………………….. 11-10
11.2 Wound Types …………………………………………………………………….. 11-10
11.2.1 Illness-Related Wounds…………………………………………. 11-10
11.2.1.1 Etiology ………………………………………………… 11-10
11.2.1.1.1 Arterial Ulcers …………………….. 11-10
11.2.1.1.2 Diabetic Ulcers……………………. 11-12
11.2.1.1.3 Venous Ulcers…………………….. 11-12
11.2.1.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………. 11-13
11.2.2 Pressure Ulcers……………………………………………………. 11-14
11.2.2.1 Etiology ………………………………………………… 11-14
11.2.2.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………. 11-16
11.2.3 Surgical Wounds ………………………………………………….. 11-16
11.2.3.1 Etiology ………………………………………………… 11-16
11.2.3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………. 11-19
11.2.4 Traumatic Wounds ……………………………………………….. 11-20
11.2.4.1 Etiology ………………………………………………… 11-20
11.2.4.1.1 Abrasions, Contusions, and Lacerations ………………………… 11-20
11.2.4.1.2 Amputations……………………….. 11-20
11.2.4.1.3 Burns ………………………………… 11-24
11.2.4.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………. 11-27
Exhibit 11-1: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Affecting Wound Closure …………….. 11-2
Exhibit 11-2: Illness-Related Wounds, Facts and Figures ……………………………. 11-11
Exhibit 11-3: Pressure Ulcers, Facts and Figures ………………………………………. 11-15
Exhibit 11-4: Stages of Pressure Ulcers……………………………………………………. 11-17
Exhibit 11-5: Surgical Wounds, Facts and Figures……………………………………… 11-18
Exhibit 11-6: Lacerations and Other Types of Traumatic Wounds,
Facts and Figures……………………………………………………………….. 11-21
Exhibit 11-7: Amputations, Facts and Figures……………………………………………. 11-22
Exhibit 11-8: Burns, Facts and Figures …………………………………………………….. 11-23
Exhibit 11-9: Classification of Burns, by Mechanism of Injury ………………………. 11-25
Exhibit 11-10: Stages of Burn Wounds …………………………………………………….. 11-26