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Emerging markets account for approximately 18% of the global vaccines market, which is valued at more than $24bn. However, there are indications that this is an underestimate, and some observers forecast that the overall marketplace will reach $50bn by the mid2020s.
Emerging markets account for approximately 18% of the global vaccines market, which is valued at more than $24bn. However, there are indications that this is an underestimate, and some observers forecast that the overall marketplace will reach $50bn by the mid-2020s. Gavi – a multilateral agency principally funded by the Gates Foundation – accounts for some $2bn, procured via the United Nations agency UNICEF. The remainder is represented by “self-procuring” middle-income emerging markets, including the BRIC-MT nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, Mexico, and Turkey) and many smaller, high-growth markets. Gavi is part of an international ecosystem of fundholders, financiers, researchers, and experts, some of whom are more focused on cost containment than rewarding innovation, as is evidenced by attempts to improve “transparency” in international vaccines pricing.
It is expected that Gavi’s dose demand will plateau in the mid-2020s, as more countries that are currently reliant on the agency’s funding for vaccines transition towards national procurement in their National Immunization Programs (NIPs). Given flat Gavi prices for modern vaccines, and stretched production volumes, multinationals are likely to focus even more intensively on middle-income countries in the future. In addition, manufacturers based in developing countries already account for a 40% share of Gavi purchases, and their influence in middle-income countries is growing commensurately.
Nevertheless, some multilateral mechanisms, such as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Revolving Fund, offer opportunities for manufacturers of modern, differentiated vaccines. Emerging markets with “functional” National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs) offer the best long-term potential for multinationals, as value arguments are more likely to resonate; however, payers may exploit economic concepts such as budget impact and cost effectiveness to restrict access to the smallest possible population. In order to mitigate these risks, innovator companies can deploy quantitative and qualitative indicators to assess the market access environment in middle-income emerging markets, from population data to “functionality” criteria for regulators, payers, and technical advisors. In some markets, aggressive cost-containment measures, such as international reference pricing and “winner-takes-all” procurement practices, prohibit entry.
Asia represents the largest opportunity for modern vaccines in population terms, with more than 50 million births per year and a sizable willingness to pay among private individuals. This is an attractive proposition for multinationals, as prices for most NIP-funded vaccines are unacceptably low. India has significantly expanded its NIP in recent years, with pilots at sub-national level driving the changes, but funding continues to lag behind the country’s enormous unmet need for vaccines. The smaller Asia-Pacific markets present some opportunities; Malaysia has a strong marketplace for foreign branded vaccines, but in neighboring Thailand, health technology assessment (HTA) presents an evidentiary hurdle, as well as a justification for negative decisions. Fragmented funding and incomplete reforms to healthcare systems pose physical and financial barriers to new vaccines in many middle-income Southeast Asian markets.
Latin America is the second-largest region in our survey, and – apart from Mexico – all member states of the PAHO participate in the Revolving Fund, a pooled procurement mechanism for the region. The Revolving Fund allows smaller member states to exploit economies of scale achieved by the larger countries, notably Brazil, which has also introduced cost-effectiveness gate-keeping, in addition to benefiting from PAHO’s “lowest price” strategy. Technology transfer is a key goal for regional policymakers, although advanced capabilities in vaccines development and manufacturing are isolated.
In Central and Eastern Europe, technical capability and ability to pay appear inversely proportional to the size of the potential market. Russia is considering major expansions to its NIP, but access remains better at the regional level, although so-called “localization” policies are an additional burden. The Eastern European EU member states offer small but solid long-term prospects, although Romania is a cause for concern.
The Middle East and Africa is essentially three regions. The North African markets conduct largely national procurement, while the wealthy Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states pressurize prices through joint tenders. In sub-Saharan Africa, most markets are Gavi-dependent. The exception is South Africa, which is attempting to merge local production and government procurement via a single entity. While the wealthier markets still represent solid opportunities, as in many emerging markets, the region continues to transition away from reliance on modern vaccines to a mixed system of indigenous production, low-cost basic vaccines, and a limited space for innovative products.
To respond to the market access challenges and opportunities posed by developing countries, which differ fundamentally from high-income countries, no single approach is feasible. Instead, quantitative and qualitative indicators for local populations, payer capabilities, and funding opportunities can inform strategies. Full disengagement from multilateral or national fundholders is not advisable, but pricing and access strategies can be tailored to each market, depending on its attractiveness. These measures include arguing for wider coverage – especially among risk groups – and convincing payers to introduce non-price criteria into their decision-making. In terms of both coverage and new technologies, untapped markets exist, but should be cautiously evaluated for their price and volume opportunities.
CONTENTS
6 OVERVIEW
8 MARKET LANDSCAPE
8 Market valuations
10 Strategies for national and multilateral access
15 International stakeholder analysis
25 Bibliography
29 ASIA-PACIFIC
32 China’s private market is dynamic, while NIP prices stagnate
36 India’s vaccine market slowly improves as industry globalizes
37 Mid-sized Asian markets face structural challenges
41 Bibliography
44 LATIN AMERICA
48 Centralizing procurement challenges manufacturers, as well as delivering efficiencies
53 Bibliography
55 CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
55 Russia’s vaccine market is modernizing
59 In EU member states, technical sophistication and commercial opportunities are misaligned
61 Bibliography
63 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA
64 In the Middle East, vaccine import dependency is eroding
66 Reference pricing is expanding across the MENA region
66 Turkey illustrates the limitations of “self-procurement” markets
68 Sub-Saharan Africa is yet to realize its enormous potential
70 Bibliography
73 CONCLUSIONS
73 Middle-income countries are the priority for manufacturers of modern vaccines
73 Gavi creates new markets
73 Monitor the business environment
73 “Not playing” is not an option
74 Identify untapped markets and build the consensus for expanded coverage
75 APPENDIX
75 Report scope
LIST OF FIGURES
9 Figure 1: Leading middle-income emerging markets: vaccine funding status (one of two), 2019
10 Figure 2: Leading middle-income emerging markets: vaccine funding status (two of two), 2019
12 Figure 3: Birth cohorts and government vaccine investment in middle-income countries, by country, 2018
14 Figure 4: UNICEF and PAHO vaccine prices, 2018
24 Figure 5: Middle-income vaccine markets – investment dashboard (one of two)
25 Figure 6: Middle-income vaccine markets – investment dashboard (two of two)
33 Figure 7: Stakeholder map – China vaccines market
37 Figure 8: Timeline of updates to India’s Universal Immunization Program, 2002–18
39 Figure 9: Vaccines stakeholder map: Thailand Universal Healthcare Scheme
47 Figure 10: Mexico: vaccine stakeholder map
66 Figure 11: International reference pricing in the Middle East and North Africa
67 Figure 12: Turkey: vaccine stakeholder map
LIST OF TABLES
16 Table 1: Leading multilateral immunization agencies
21 Table 2: Comparison: Drug versus vaccine business models in emerging markets
30 Table 3: Asia-Pacific: regional SWOT analysis
35 Table 4: A long-standing presence and constructive engagement can drive access
38 Table 5: Stakeholder summary: mid-sized Asian markets
40 Table 6: An immature market access environment can be hazardous for innovators
45 Table 7: Latin America: regional SWOT analysis
48 Table 8: Latin America: regional stakeholder summary
51 Table 9: Differentiated strategies are needed for the largest Latin American markets
55 Table 10: Central and Eastern Europe: regional SWOT analysis
57 Table 11: Central and Eastern Europe: regional stakeholder summary
59 Table 12: Technology transfer may help mitigate payer reluctance to fund new vaccines
64 Table 13: Middle East and Africa: regional SWOT analysis
65 Table 14: Middle East and Africa: regional stakeholder summary
70 Table 15: The MenAfriVac story will be difficult to replicate
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